An airline hub is an airport An airport is a location where aircraft such as fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, and blimps takeoff and land. Aircraft may be stored or maintained at an airport. An airport consists of at least one surface such as a runway for a plane to takeoff and land, a helipad, or water for takeoffs and landings, and often includes buildings such as control that an airline An airline provides air transport services for passengers or freight, generally with a recognized operating certificate or license. Airlines lease or own their aircraft with which to supply these services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for mutual benefit uses as a transfer point to get passengers to their intended destination. It is part of a hub and spoke model The hub-and-spoke distribution paradigm is a system of connections arranged like a chariot wheel, in which all traffic moves along spokes connected to the hub at the center. The model is commonly used in industry, in particular in transport, telecommunications and freight, as well as in distributed computing, where travelers moving between airports not served by direct flights change planes en route to their destinations. Many hubs of the airlines are also situated at airports in the cities of the respective head offices.

Some airlines may use only a single hub, while other airlines use multiple hubs. Hubs are used for both passenger Air travel is a form of travel using an flying object like airplane, helicopter, hot air balloon or anything that can fly flights as well as cargo Cargo airlines are airlines dedicated to the transport of cargo. Some cargo airlines are divisions or subsidiaries of larger passenger airlines flights.

Many airlines also utilize focus cities In the airline industry, a focus city is a location that is not a hub, but from which the airline has non-stop flights to several destinations other than its hubs. For example, Northwest Airlines has focus city operations at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, which serves 17 non-hub destinations as of March 2009, which function much the same as hubs. Airlines may also use secondary hubs, a non-technical term for large focus cities.

Fortress hub

A fortress hub is an airport where a single airline's share of flights is at or above the monopoly standard of 70 percent of flights in and out of the hub.^[1] For example, in 2005 US Airways US Airways, Inc., an operating unit of US Airways Group, is the fifth largest airline in the United States occupied 72 (plus 1 shared with Lufthansa Deutsche Lufthansa AG (German pronunciation: [ˈdɔʏt͡ʃə ˈlʊfthanza]) is the flag carrier of Germany and the largest airline in Europe in terms of overall passengers carried. The name of the company is derived from Luft (the German word for "air"), and Hansa (after Hanseatic League, the powerful medieval trading group)) out of 85 total gates and accounted for approximately 90% of passenger traffic at Charlotte/Douglas International Airport Charlotte Douglas International Airport is a joint civil-military public international airport located in Charlotte, North Carolina. Established in 1935 as Charlotte Municipal Airport, in 1954 the airport was renamed Douglas Municipal Airport after former Charlotte mayor Ben Elbert Douglas, Sr. The airport gained its current name in 1982 and is.^[2][3] Another example is at Detroit (DTW) Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport , sometimes called Detroit Metro Airport, Detroit Metropolitan Airport, Detroit Metro Wayne Airport, Metro Airport, or simply DTW, is a major international airport in Romulus, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It is Michigan's busiest airport, a Delta Air Lines Delta Air Lines, Inc. is an American airline headquartered in Atlanta and the world's largest airline. Delta operates an extensive domestic and international network, spanning North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, and Australia. Delta and its subsidiaries fly to 247 destinations in 66 countries ( hub. New entrants, such as Spirit Airlines at Detroit (DTW) Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport , sometimes called Detroit Metro Airport, Detroit Metropolitan Airport, Detroit Metro Wayne Airport, Metro Airport, or simply DTW, is a major international airport in Romulus, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It is Michigan's busiest airport, AirTran AirTran Airways is an American low-cost airline. A subsidiary of AirTran Holdings, AirTran operates over 1,000 daily flights, primarily in the eastern and midwestern United States. AirTran's principal hub is Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, where it operates over 270 daily departures. The airline officially opened its second hub, at Atlanta (ATL) Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport , known locally as Atlanta Airport, Hartsfield Airport, and Hartsfield–Jackson, is located seven miles (11 km) south of the central business district of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It has been the world's busiest airport by passenger traffic and number of landings and take-offs since 1999,, and Vanguard at Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport is located between the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth, and is the busiest airport in the U.S. state of Texas, allege to have been the target of exclusionary practices by the dominant carrier. Some observers argue that the existence of such hubs can stifle competition; ProAir's battle with Northwest when it briefly flew out of Detroit City Airport is often cited as an example. Northwest was able to out compete the short-lived discount carrier by matching its fares and offering more frequent flights. Although these competitive measures have nothing to do with hub status per se, they are indicative of the measures a hub airline will take to defend its preferred position at a hub airport.

A few examples of fortress hubs for major US airlines include but not limited to:

• Charlotte/Douglas International Airport Charlotte Douglas International Airport is a joint civil-military public international airport located in Charlotte, North Carolina. Established in 1935 as Charlotte Municipal Airport, in 1954 the airport was renamed Douglas Municipal Airport after former Charlotte mayor Ben Elbert Douglas, Sr. The airport gained its current name in 1982 and is - US Airways US Airways, Inc., an operating unit of US Airways Group, is the fifth largest airline in the United States
• Washington Dulles International Airport Washington Dulles International Airport is a public airport located 25 miles (40 km) west of the central business district of Washington, D.C., in Dulles, Virginia (Loudoun County and Fairfax County, Virginia, United States). It serves the greater Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. The airport is named after John Foster Dulles, United States - United Airlines United Air Lines, Inc., doing business as United Airlines , is a major airline based in the United States and one of the world's largest airlines with 48,000 employees and 360 aircraft. It is a subsidiary of UAL Corporation with corporate offices in Chicago. United's largest hub is Chicago's O'Hare International Airport. United also has hubs in
• Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport is located between the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth, and is the busiest airport in the U.S. state of Texas - American Airlines American Airlines, Inc. is a major airline of the United States and is the world's second largest airline (behind Delta Air Lines) in passenger miles transported, passenger fleet size, and operating revenues. American Airlines is a subsidiary of the AMR Corporation and is headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, adjacent to its largest hub at Dallas/
• Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport , sometimes called Detroit Metro Airport, Detroit Metropolitan Airport, Detroit Metro Wayne Airport, Metro Airport, or simply DTW, is a major international airport in Romulus, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It is Michigan's busiest airport - Delta Air Lines Delta Air Lines, Inc. is an American airline headquartered in Atlanta and the world's largest airline. Delta operates an extensive domestic and international network, spanning North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, and Australia. Delta and its subsidiaries fly to 247 destinations in 66 countries (
• Salt Lake City International Airport Salt Lake City International Airport is a major public airport in Utah. A joint civil-military facility, it is located in western Salt Lake City, approximately four miles from the central business district. It is currently the only airport with commercial airline service in the Wasatch Front and its surrounding counties and is the closest - Delta Air Lines Delta Air Lines, Inc. is an American airline headquartered in Atlanta and the world's largest airline. Delta operates an extensive domestic and international network, spanning North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, and Australia. Delta and its subsidiaries fly to 247 destinations in 66 countries (
• Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport is located in Hebron, unincorporated Boone County, Kentucky, United States and serves the Greater Cincinnati metropolitan area. Despite being located in Boone County, the airport operations are governed by the neighboring Kenton County Airport Board. The airport's code, CVG, comes from the nearest - Delta Air Lines Delta Air Lines, Inc. is an American airline headquartered in Atlanta and the world's largest airline. Delta operates an extensive domestic and international network, spanning North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, and Australia. Delta and its subsidiaries fly to 247 destinations in 66 countries (
• Memphis International Airport - Delta Air Lines Delta Air Lines, Inc. is an American airline headquartered in Atlanta and the world's largest airline. Delta operates an extensive domestic and international network, spanning North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, and Australia. Delta and its subsidiaries fly to 247 destinations in 66 countries (
• Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport - Delta Air Lines Delta Air Lines, Inc. is an American airline headquartered in Atlanta and the world's largest airline. Delta operates an extensive domestic and international network, spanning North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, and Australia. Delta and its subsidiaries fly to 247 destinations in 66 countries (
• Newark Liberty International Airport Newark Liberty International Airport , first named Newark Airport and later Newark International Airport, is an international airport within the city limits of both Newark and Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States (although it is entirely owned by the city of Newark). It is about 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Midtown Manhattan (New York City) - Continental Airlines Continental Airlines (NYSE: CAL) is a major American airline based and headquartered in Continental Center I in Downtown Houston, Texas. It is the fourth-largest airline in the US based on revenue passenger miles. Continental operates flights to destinations throughout the U.S., Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific regions
• Houston Houston is the fourth-largest city in the United States of America and the largest city in the state of Texas. As of the 2009 U.S. Census estimate, the city had a population of 2.3 million within an area of 600 square miles (1,600 km2). Houston is the seat of Harris County and the economic center of the Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown metropolitan George Bush Intercontinental Airport George Bush Intercontinental Airport, is a Class B international airport in the city of Houston, Texas, United States serving the Greater Houston area. Located 20 miles (32 km) drive north of Downtown Houston between Interstate 45 and U.S. Highway 59, Bush Intercontinental is Texas's second-largest air facility—after Dallas/Fort Worth - Continental Airlines Continental Airlines (NYSE: CAL) is a major American airline based and headquartered in Continental Center I in Downtown Houston, Texas. It is the fourth-largest airline in the US based on revenue passenger miles. Continental operates flights to destinations throughout the U.S., Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific regions
• Philadelphia International Airport Philadelphia International Airport is an airport in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and is the largest airport in the Delaware Valley region and in Pennsylvania. As of 2008 it is the 10th busiest airport in the world in terms of aircraft activity. The airport is the primary international hub of US Airways and has service to destinations in the United - US Airways US Airways, Inc., an operating unit of US Airways Group, is the fifth largest airline in the United States

Major passenger airlines and their hubs

Africa

• Afriqiyah Airways Afriqiyah Airways is an airline based in Tripoli, Libya. It operates domestic services between Tripoli and Benghazi and international scheduled services to over 25 countries in Europe, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Its main base is Tripoli International Airport. The name Afriqiyah comes from the Arabic language word for African. The 9.9.99 (8U) uses Tripoli Tripoli (Arabic: طرابلس Ṭarābulus pronunciation - also طرابلس الغرب Ṭarā-bu-lus al-Gharb Libyan vernacular: Ṭrābləs pronunciation (help·info); derived from "Τρίπολη"; the Greek word for "three cities" in Greek: Τρίπολις Tripolis) is the largest city and capital of Libya Tripoli International Airport (TIP).
• Air Algérie (AH) uses Algiers Algiers /ælˈdʒɪərz/ , is the capital and largest city of Algeria and the second largest of the Maghreb after Casablanca. According to the 1998 census, the population of the city proper was 1,519,570 and that of the urban agglomeration was 2,135,630. A recent UN estimate of the urban agglomeration (metropolitan area) puts the population at 3,35 Houari Boumedienne Airport Houari Boumediene Airport (IATA: ALG, ICAO: DAAG), also known as Algiers Airport, is an international airport serving Algiers, the capital of Algeria. It is located 9.1 nautical miles (16.9 km) southeast of the city. The airport is named for Houari Boumediene (also written as Houari Boumedienne), a former president of Algeria (ALG) and Oran Es Senia Airport (ORN).
• Egyptair EgyptAir is the flag carrier airline of Egypt and a member of Star Alliance. The airline is based at Cairo International Airport, its main hub, operating scheduled passenger and freight services to more than 70 destinations in the Middle East, Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. An extensive network of domestic services is focused on Cairo, (MS) uses Cairo Cairo is the capital of Egypt, and the largest city in Africa, and the Arab World, as well as one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life. Even before Cairo was Cairo International Airport (CAI).
• Ethiopian Airlines Ethopian Airlines is an airline headquartered on the grounds of Bole International Airport in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It is the national airline of Ethiopia, operating scheduled international passenger and freight services to over 57 destinations worldwide, as well as domestic services to 17 destinations and passenger and cargo charter flights. Its (ET) uses Addis Ababa Addis Ababa is the capital city of Ethiopia. (In Ethiopian languages: Amharic, Adis Abäba "new flower," Oromo, Finfinne, IPA: [adːiːs aβəβa]; Ge'ez ኣዲስ ኣበባ) It is the largest city in Ethiopia, with a population of 3,384,569 according to the 2008 population census Bole International Airport Addis Ababa Bole International Airport serves the city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The airport is located in the Bole area, 18 km (11 mi) east of Addis Ababa City and 65 km (40 mi) north of Debre Zeyit. Formerly known as Haile Selassie I International Airport, it is the main hub of Ethiopian Airlines, the national airline which has service to (ADD).
• Kenya Airways Kenya Airways is the flag carrier airline of Kenya, based in Nairobi. It started operations on 4 February 1977, and operates scheduled services throughout Africa and to Europe and the Indian subcontinent, with its main base at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, Nairobi. Moi International Airport in Mombasa serves as a focus city (KQ) uses Nairobi Nairobi is the capital and largest city of Kenya. The city and its surrounding area also forms the Nairobi Province . The name "Nairobi" comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nyirobi, which translates to "the place of cool waters". However, it is popularly known as the "Green City in the Sun" and is surrounded by Jomo Kenyatta International Airport Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, formerly called Embakasi Airport and Nairobi International Airport, is Kenya's largest aviation facility, and the busiest airport in Central Africa. It is the 6th busiest airport in Africa. The airport is named after the first Kenyan prime minister and president Jomo Kenyatta (NBO).
• Royal Air Maroc Royal Air Maroc is the flag carrier airline of Morocco, based in Casablanca. It operates scheduled international flights from Morocco to Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America and a domestic and charter network, (including Hajj flights). Its base is Mohammed V International Airport (CMN), Casablanca (AT) uses Casablanca Casablanca is a city in western Morocco, located on the Atlantic Ocean. It is the capital of the Grand Casablanca region Mohammed V International Airport (CMN).
• South African Airways (SA) uses Johannesburg OR Tambo International Airport.
• Nigerian Eagle Airlines (VK) uses Lagos Murtala Muhammed International Airport(LOS).

Asia

• AirAsia (AK) uses Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL).
• AirAsia X (D7) uses Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL).
• Air China (CA) uses Beijing Capital International Airport (PEK), Pudong International Airport (PVG) and Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport (CTU).
• Air India (AI) uses Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport (BOM), Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL), Chennai International Airport (MAA) and Frankfurt am Main Airport (FRA).
• Air Koryo (JS) uses Pyongyang Sunan International Airport (FNJ).
• All Nippon Airways (NH) uses Narita International Airport (NRT), Haneda Airport (HND), Kansai International Airport (KIX) and Itami Airport (ITM).
• Asiana Airlines (OZ) uses Incheon International Airport (ICN) and Gimpo Airport (GMP).
• Bangkok Airways (PG) uses Suvarnabhumi International Airport (BKK) and Samui Airport (USM).
• Batavia Air (7P) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK).
• Biman Bangladesh Airlines (BG) uses Shahjalal International Airport (DAC), Shah Amanat International Airport (CGP), Osmani International Airport (ZYL).
• Caspian Airlines (RV) uses Mehrabad Airport (THR).
• Cathay Pacific (CX) uses Hong Kong International Airport (HKG) (and to a lesser extent Suvarnabhumi International Airport (BKK) and Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport (TPE)).
• China Airlines (CI) uses Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport (TPE)
• China Eastern Airlines (MU) uses Hongqiao International Airport (SHA) and Pudong International Airport (PVG).
• China Southern Airlines (CZ) uses Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (CAN) and Beijing Capital International Airport (PEK).
• Continental Micronesia uses Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport (GUM).
• Dragonair (KA) uses Hong Kong International Airport (HKG).
• El Al (LY) uses Ben Gurion International Airport (TLV).
• Emirates Airline (EK) uses Dubai International Airport (DXB).
• Etihad Airways (EY) uses Abu Dhabi International Airport (AUH).
• EVA Air (BR) uses Taipei Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport (TPE)
• Garuda Indonesia (GA) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK) and Ngurah Rai International Airport (DPS).
• Gulf Air (GF) uses Bahrain International Airport (BAH).
• IndiGo Airlines (6E) uses Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL).
• Indonesia Air Asia (QZ) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK), Ngurah Rai International Airport (DPS) and Husein Sastranegara International Airport (BDO).
• Iran Air (IR) uses Imam Khomeini International Airport (IKA) and Mehrabad Airport (THR).
• Iran Air Tours (B9) uses Mashhad International Airport (MHD).
• Iran Aseman Airlines (EP) uses Mehrabad International Airport (THR) and Imam Khomeini International Airport (IKA).
• Japan Airlines (JL) uses Narita International Airport (NRT), Haneda Airport (HND), Kansai International Airport (KIX) and Itami Airport (ITM).
• Jazeera Airways (J9), uses Kuwait International Airport (KWI) and Dubai International Airport (DXB).
• Jet Airways (9W) uses Mumbai-Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport (BOM), Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL) and Brussels-National Airport (BRU).
• Kingfisher Airlines (IT) uses Bangalore-Bengaluru International Airport (BLR), Mumbai-Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport(BOM) and Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL)
• Kish Air (Y9) uses Mehrabad Airport (THR).
• Korean Air (KE) uses Incheon International Airport (ICN) and Gimpo International Airport (GMP).
• Kuwait Airways (KU) uses Kuwait International Airport (KWI).
• Lion Air (JT) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK) and Juanda International Airport (SUB).
• Mahan Air (W5) uses Imam Khomeini International Airport (IKA).
• Malaysia Airlines (MH) uses Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL).
• Mandala Airlines (RI) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK) and Juanda International Airport (SUB).
• MASwings (MH) uses Miri Airport (MYY).
• Merpati Nusantara Airlines (MZ) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK) and Ngurah Rai International Airport (DPS).
• Middle East Airlines (ME) uses Beirut Rafik Hariri International Airport (BEY).
• Nok Air (DD) uses Don Mueang International Airport (DMK).
• Oman Air (WY) uses Saeb International Airport (MCT).
• One-Two-GO Airlines (OG) uses Don Muang International Airport (DMK).
• Orient Thai Airlines (OX) uses Suvarnabhumi International Airport (BKK).
• Pakistan International Airlines (PK) uses Ali Jinnah International Airport (KHI), Islamabad International Airport (ISB) and Allama Iqbal International Airport (LHE)Faisalabad International Airport (Fsd) . Royal Jordanian A320 Taking off from Hub, Queen Alia International Airport
• Philippine Airlines (PR) uses Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL).
• Qatar Airways (QR) uses Doha International Airport (DOH).
• Royal Brunei Airlines (BI) uses Brunei International Airport (BWN).
• Royal Jordanian Airlines (RJ) uses Amman Queen Alia International Airport (AMM).
• Saudi Arabian Airlines (SV) uses King Abdul Aziz International Airport (JED) King Khalid International Airport (RUH) and King Fahd International Airport (DMM).
• SGA Airlines (5E) uses Chiang Mai International Airport (CNX).
• Shanghai Airlines (FM) uses Pudong International Airport (PVG) and Hongqiao International Airport (SHA).
• Singapore Airlines (SQ) uses Changi International Airport (SIN).
• SpiceJet (SG) uses Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL).
• SriLankan Airlines (UL) uses Bandaranaike International Airport (CMB).
• Sriwijaya Air (SJ) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK).
• Thai Airways International (TG) uses Suvarnabhumi International Airport (BKK), Chiang Mai International Airport (CNX) and Phuket International Airport (HKT).
• Thai Air Asia (FD) uses Suvarnabhumi International Airport (BKK) and Phuket International Airport (HKT).
• Uzbekistan Airways (HY) uses Yuzhniy International Airport (TAS).
• Vietnam Airlines (VN) uses Tan Son Nhat International Airport (SGN) and Noi Bai International Airport (HAN).
• Wataniya Airways (KW) uses Kuwait International Airport (KWI).

Europe

• Adria Airways (JP) uses Ljubljana International Airport (LJU).
• Aer Lingus (EI) uses Dublin Airport (DUB), Cork Airport (ORK), Belfast International Airport (BFS), London Gatwick Airport (LGW) and Shannon Airport (SNN).
• Aeroflot (SU) uses Moscow-Sheremetyevo International Airport (SVO).
• Aerosvit (VV) uses Kiev-Boryspil International Airport (KBP).
• Air Berlin (AB) uses Berlin-Tegel International Airport (TXL), Düsseldorf International Airport (DUS), Munich Airport (MUC), Nuremberg Airport (NUE) and Palma de Mallorca Airport (PMI).
• AirBaltic (BT) uses Riga International Airport (RIX)
• Air France (AF) uses Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG), Lyon-Saint Exupéry Airport (LYS) and to a lesser extent Orly Airport (ORY).
• Air Moldova (9U) uses Chisinau International Airport (KIV)
• Alitalia (AZ) uses Rome Leonardo da Vinci International Airport (FCO).
• Anadolujet (TK) uses Esenboğa International Airport (ESB).
• Austrian Airlines (OS) uses Vienna International Airport (VIE).
• British Airways (BA) uses London Heathrow Airport (LHR) and to a lesser extent London Gatwick Airport (LGW).
• Blue1 (KF) uses Helsinki-Vantaa Airport (HEL).
• BMI (BD) uses Manchester Airport (MAN) and London Heathrow Airport (LHR).
• Bmibaby (WW), a low-fare airline, uses Birmingham Airport (BHX), Manchester Airport (MAN), Cardiff Airport (CWL) and East Midlands Airport (EMA)
• Brussels Airlines (SN) uses Brussels Airport (BRU).
• Bulgaria Air (FB) uses Sofia Airport (SOF).
• Condor Airlines (DE) uses Frankfurt International Airport (FRA).
• Croatia Airlines (OU) uses Zagreb Airport (ZAG).
• Cyprus Airways (CY) uses Larnaca Airport (LCA).
• Czech Airlines (OK) uses Prague Ruzyne International Airport (PRG).
• Finnair (AY) uses Helsinki-Vantaa Airport (HEL).
• Iberia Airlines (IB) uses Madrid Barajas International Airport (MAD).
• Icelandair (FI) uses Keflavík International Airport (KEF).
• Jat Airways (JU) uses Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport (BEG).
• Jet2.com (LS) uses Leeds Bradford International Airport (LBA).
• KLM (Royal Dutch Airlines) (KL) uses Amsterdam-Schiphol International Airport (AMS).
• LOT Polish Airlines (LO) uses Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport (WAW).
• Lufthansa (LH) uses Frankfurt International Airport (FRA), Munich Franz Josef Strauss Airport (MUC) and Düsseldorf International Airport (DUS).
• Luxair (LG) uses Luxembourg-Findel International Airport (LUX).
• Malév Hungarian Airlines (MA) uses Budapest Ferihegy International Airport (BUD).
• Martinair (MP) uses Amsterdam Schiphol Airport (AMS).
• Montenegro Airlines (YM) uses Podgorica Airport (TGD) and Tivat Airport (TIV).
• Olympic Air (OA) uses Athens Eleftherios Venizelos Airport (ATH).
• Portugalia (NI) uses Lisboa Portela Airport (LIS).
• Scandinavian Airlines System (SK) uses Stockholm-Arlanda Airport (ARN), Copenhagen Airport (CPH) and Oslo Airport, Gardermoen (OSL).
• Spanair (JK) uses Madrid Barajas International Airport (MAD) and Barcelona El Prat International Airport (BCN).
• Swiss International Airlines (LX) uses Zürich Airport (ZRH) (and to a lesser extent Geneva Cointrin International Airport (GVA)).
• TAP Portugal (TP) uses Lisboa Portela Airport (LIS) and Oporto Francisco Sá Carneiro Airport (OPO) .
• TAROM Romanian Air Transport (RO) uses Henri Coandă International Airport (OTP) as a principal hub and Cluj-Napoca International Airport (CLJ) as a second hub.
• Turkish Airlines (TK) uses Istanbul Ataturk International Airport (IST)
• Ukraine International Airlines uses Kiev-Boryspil International Airport (KBP)
• Virgin Atlantic (VS) uses London Heathrow Airport (LHR), London Gatwick Airport (LGW) and to a lesser extent Manchester Airport (MAN)
• WindRose uses Kiev-Boryspil International Airport (KBP)

North America (including Hawaii)

• Aeroméxico (AM) uses Mexico City International Airport (MEX).
• Air Canada (AC) uses Toronto Pearson International Airport (YYZ), Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (YUL), Vancouver International Airport (YVR), and Calgary International Airport (YYC) as major hubs.^[4]
• Air Transat (TS) uses Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (YUL), Toronto Pearson International Airport (YYZ), and Vancouver International Airport (YVR).
• AirTran Airways (FL), a low-fare airline, uses Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL) and General Mitchell International Airport (MKE) as main hubs, and Orlando International Airport (MCO), andBaltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport (BWI) as secondary hubs.
• Alaska Airlines (AS) uses Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (SEA), Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (ANC), Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and Portland International Airport (PDX).
• American Airlines (AA) uses Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport (DFW), Chicago's O'Hare International Airport (ORD), Miami International Airport (MIA), and New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK).
• American Eagle Airlines (MQ) uses Chicago-O'Hare International Airport (ORD), Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW), San Juan's Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport (SJU), Miami International Airport (MIA), Logan International Airport (BOS), and LaGuardia Airport (LGA).
• Continental Airlines (CO) uses Houston's George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH), Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR), and Cleveland Hopkins International Airport (CLE).
• Copa Airlines (CM) uses Tocumen International Airport (PTY).
• Delta Air Lines (DL) uses Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL), Salt Lake City International Airport (SLC), Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky International Airport (CVG), John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport (MSP), Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW), Memphis International Airport (MEM), Amsterdam Schiphol Airport (AMS), Tokyo's Narita International Airport (NRT), and Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG).
• Frontier Airlines (F9), a low-fare airline, uses Denver International Airport (DEN).
• Hawaiian Airlines (HA), uses Honolulu International Airport(HNL).
• JetBlue Airways (B6), a low-fare airline, uses John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK). JetBlue uses the term "bases" to define its New York-JFK operations.
• Mexicana (MX) uses Mexico City International Airport (MEX) and Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla International Airport (GDL).
• Midwest Airlines (YX) uses Milwaukee's General Mitchell International Airport (MKE) and Kansas City International Airport (MCI).
• Porter Airlines (PD) uses Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport (YTZ) as its principle hub.
• Southwest Airlines (WN), a low-cost airline, mostly runs point-to-point service, but has hub-like operations in Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport (BWI), Chicago Midway Airport (MDW), Dallas Love Field Airport (DAL), Las Vegas's McCarran International Airport (LAS), Houston Hobby Airport (HOU), and Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (PHX).
• Spirit Airlines (NK), a low-fare airline, uses Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW) and Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport (FLL), Spirit uses the term "bases" instead of "hubs" to define Detroit and Fort Lauderdale.
• TACA uses Comalapa International Airport (SAL), La Aurora International Airport (GUA), Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM) (for its TACA Peru South American destinations) and Juan Santamaría International Airport (SJO)
• United Airlines (UA) uses Chicago's O'Hare International Airport (ORD), San Francisco International Airport (SFO) (as its Pacific gateway), Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD), Denver International Airport (DEN), and Los Angeles International Airport (LAX).
• US Airways (US) uses Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (PHX), Charlotte/Douglas International Airport (CLT), and Philadelphia International Airport (PHL).
• Virgin America (VX), a low-fare airline uses San Francisco International Airport (SFO)
• WestJet (WS) uses Calgary International Airport (YYC) and Toronto Pearson International Airport (YYZ).

Caribbean

• Air ALM (LM) used Hato International Airport (CUR) as a hub
• Air Aruba (FQ) used Queen Beatrix International Airport (AUA) as a hub
• Air Caraïbes (TX) uses Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport (PTP) as a hub
• Air Turks and Caicos (JY) uses Providenciales International Airport (PLS) as hub.
• Bahamasair (UP) uses Nassau's Lynden Pindling International Airport (NAS) as its hub
• Caribair (B9) uses La Isabela International Airport (JBQ) as hub
• Caribbean Airlines (BW) uses Piarco International Airport (POS) and Kingston's Norman Manley International Airport (KIN) as hubs.
• Cayman Airways (KX) uses Grand Cayman's Owen Roberts International Airport (GCM) and Cayman Brac's Gerrard Smith International Airport (CYB) as hubs.
• Cubana de Aviación (CU) uses Havana's José Martí International Airport (HAV).
• Dominicana de Aviación (DO) used Las Américas International Airport (SDQ) as a hub
• Dutch Antilles Express (9H) uses Hato International Airport (CUR) as a hub
• Dutch Caribbean Airlines (K8) used Hato International Airport (CUR) as a hub
• Insel Air (7I) uses Hato International Airport (CUR) as a hub
• Leeward Islands Air Transport (LI) uses VC Bird International Airport (ANU), and Sir Grantley Adams International Airport (BGI) as a hub
• PAWA Dominicana (7Q) uses Las Américas International Airport (SDQ) and Cibao International Airport (STI) as Hubs
• Prinair (PQ) used Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport (SJU) as a hub
• SAP Air (5S) uses La Isabela International Airport (JBQ), Gregorio Luperón International Airport (POP) and Punta Cana International Airport (PUJ) as Hubs
• Tiara Air (3P) uses Queen Beatrix International Airport (AUA) as a hub
• Vieques Airlink (VI) uses Antonio Rivera Rodriguez Airport (VQS) as a hub

Oceania

• Air New Zealand (NZ) uses Auckland Airport (AKL).
• Air Niugini (PX) uses Jacksons International Airport (POM).
• Air Pacific (FJ) uses Nadi International Airport (NAN).
• Air Tahiti Nui (TN) uses Faa'a International Airport (PPT).
• Air Vanuatu (NF) uses Bauerfield International Airport (VLI).
• Jetstar Airways (JQ) uses Melbourne Airport (MEL) and Christchurch Airport (CHC).
• Qantas (QF) uses Sydney Airport (SYD) and Melbourne Airport (MEL)
• Tiger Airways Australia (TT) uses Adelaide Airport (ADL) and Melbourne Airport (MEL).
• Virgin Blue/Pacific Blue (DJ) uses Brisbane Airport (BNE), Sydney Airport (SYD), Auckland Airport (AKL) and Christchurch Airport (CHC).

South America

• Aerochaco (VM) uses Resistencia International Airport (RES).
• Aero Continente (N6) used Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM).
• Aerolíneas Argentinas (AR) uses Ministro Pistarini International Airport (EZE) and Aeroparque Jorge Newbery (AEP).
• Aeropostal Alas de Venezuela (VH) uses Simón Bolívar International Airport (CCS).
• AeroRepública (P5) uses El Dorado International Airport (BOG).
• Andes Líneas Aéreas (OY) uses Martín Miguel de Güemes Airport (SLA).
• Austral Líneas Aéreas (AU) uses Aeroparque Jorge Newbery (AEP).
• Avianca (AV) uses El Dorado International Airport (BOG).
• Gol (G3) uses Guarulhos International Airport (GRU) and Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport (GIG), and Eduardo Gomes International Airport (MAO).
• Grupo Taca (TA) uses Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM) and Juan Santamaría International Airport (SJO), Comalapa International Airport (SAL) & La Aurora International Airport (GUA) (for its TACA North/Central American destinations).
• LADE (5U) uses General Enrique Mosconi International Airport (CRD), Aeroparque Jorge Newbery (AEP) and Comandante Armando Tola International Airport (FTE).
• LAN (LA) uses Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport. (SCL). Subsidiaries: LAN Argentina uses Ministro Pistarini International Airport (EZE); LAN Ecuador uses Jose Joaquin de Olmedo International Airport (GYE) & Mariscal Sucre International Airport (UIO), LAN Perú uses Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM).
• Santa Barbara Airlines (S3) uses Simón Bolívar International Airport (CCS).
• Sol Líneas Aéreas (8R) uses Aeroparque Jorge Newbery (AEP) and Islas Malvinas International Airport (ROS).
• TAM Brazilian Airlines (JJ) uses Guarulhos International Airport (GRU), Congonhas Domestic Airport (CGH) and Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek International Airport (BSB).

See also

• Focus city
• Former airline hubs
• List of hub airports
• Point-to-point transit
• Rolling airline hub
• Transportation hub

References

1. ^ Dr. Mark N. Cooper (1999-01-22) (.PDF). Freeing Public Pollicy from the Deregulation Debate: The Airline Industry Comes of Age. Consumer Federation of America. pp. 10–11. http://www.consumerfed.org/pdfs/abaair1.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-17.
2. ^ Source: City of Charlotte & Mecklenburg County, May 2005; US Airways, June 2005 A fortress hub is difficult for new entrant carriers to penetrate.
3. ^ "Appendix A: Statement of Enforcement Policy Regarding Unfair Exclusionary Conduct". pp. 10–11. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sr/sr255/apndx.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
4. ^ Hub Cities: Air Canada.com

External links

Categories: Airline terminology | Airport terminology

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• Transportation Hub: Encyclopedia
• Southwest Airlines: Encyclopedia
• Continental Airlines: Encyclopedia
• American Eagle Airlines: Encyclopedia

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