The Rio Grande (known in Mexico as the Río Bravo del Norte, or simply Río Bravo) is a river A river is a natural watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing toward an ocean, a lake, a sea, or another river. In a few cases, a river simply flows into the ground or dries up completely before reaching another body of water. Small rivers may also be called by several other names, including stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill; there is no that forms part of the Mexico – United States border. Its length varies as its course changes. According to the International Boundary and Water Commission its total length was 1,896 miles (3,051 km) in the late 1980s. Depending on how it is measured, the Rio Grande is the fourth or fifth longest river system in the North America.^[1] It serves as a natural border A natural border is a border between states which is composed of natural formations such as rivers, mountain ranges, or deserts between the U.S. state A U.S. state is any one of 50 federated states of the United States of America that share sovereignty with the federal government. Because of this shared sovereignty, an American is a citizen both of the federal entity and of his or her state of domicile. Four states use the official title of commonwealth rather than state. State citizenship is of Texas Houston is the largest city in Texas and the fourth-largest in the United States, while San Antonio is the second largest in the state and seventh largest in the United States. Dallas–Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and sixth largest United States metropolitan areas, respectively. Other major cities include El Paso and Austin—the and the Mexican In Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory, which was administered as the viceroyalty of New Spain which would eventually become Mexico states of Chihuahua Chihuahua is a state in north western Mexico with a mainland area of 247,087 square kilometers (95,400.8 sq mi), slightly larger than the United Kingdom. It is surrounded by the states of Sonora to the west, Sinaloa to the south-west, Durango to the south, and Coahuila to the east, and by the U.S. states of Texas to the north-east and New Mexico, Coahuila Coahuila, formally Coahuila de Zaragoza , is one of Mexico's 31 component states. It is located in the north of the country, Nuevo León Nuevo León is a state located in northeastern Mexico. It borders the states of Tamaulipas to the north and east and San Luis Potosí to the south, and Coahuila to the west. To the north, Nuevo León accounts for a 15 kilometer (9 mi) stretch of the U.S.-Mexico border adjacent to the U.S. state of Texas, and Tamaulipas Tamaulipas is one of the 31 states of Mexico and is located in the central-northeastern part of the Mexican federation. It borders the U.S. state of Texas to the north, the Gulf of Mexico to the east, Veracruz to the south, San Luis Potosí to the southwest, and Nuevo León to the west. A very short stretch of the river serves as the boundary between the U.S. states of Texas and New Mexico The state's total area is 121,412 square miles . The eastern border of New Mexico lies along 103° W longitude with the state of Oklahoma, and three miles (5 km) west of 103.5° W longitude with Texas. On the southern border, Texas makes up the eastern two-thirds, while the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora make up the western third, with. The tremendous water use of big cities and vast irrigated acreage along the river has taken a heavy toll on the river's flow; less than a fifth of its historical discharge reaches the sea today.

The Rio Grande's drainage basin A drainage basin is an extent or area of land where water from rain and melting snow or ice drains downhill into a body of water, such as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, sea or ocean. The drainage basin includes both the streams and rivers that convey the water as well as the land surfaces from which water drains into those channels, (watershed) is 182,200 square miles (472,000 km²).^[3] Many endorheic basins An endorheic basin is a closed drainage basin that retains water and allows no outflow to other bodies of water such as rivers or oceans. Normally, water that has accrued in a drainage basin eventually flows out through rivers or streams on Earth's surface or by underground diffusion through permeable rock, ultimately ending up in the oceans border or lie within the Rio Grande's basin, and these are sometimes included in the river's total basin, increasing its size to about 336,000 square miles (870,000 km²).^[5]

Geography

The Rio Grande rises in the eastern part of the Rio Grande National Forest in the U.S. state of Colorado Colorado is nicknamed the "Centennial State" because it was admitted to the Union as the 38th state in 1876, the centennial year of the United States Declaration of Independence. Colorado is bordered on the north by Wyoming and Nebraska, on the east by Nebraska and Kansas, on the south by Oklahoma and New Mexico, and on the west by Utah. The river is formed by the joining of several streams at the base of Canby Mountain, just east of the Continental Divide The Continental Divide of the Americas, or merely the Continental Divide or Great Divide, is the name given to the principal, and largely mountainous, hydrological divide of the Americas that separates the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean from those river systems that drain into the Atlantic Ocean (including those that drain via the. From there, it flows through the San Luis Valley The San Luis Valley is an extensive alpine valley in the United States states of Colorado and New Mexico covering approximately 8,000 square miles and sitting at an average elevation of 7,500 feet (2,300 m) above sea level. The valley sits atop the Rio Grande Rift and is drained to the south by the Rio Grande River, which rises in the San Juan, then south into New Mexico, passing through Espanola, Albuquerque Albuquerque is the largest city in the state of New Mexico, United States. It is the county seat of Bernalillo County and is situated in the central part of the state, straddling the Rio Grande. The city population was 521,999 as of July 1, 2008, according to U.S. census estimates, and ranks as the 34th-largest city in the U.S. As of June 2007,, and Las Cruces Las Cruces, also known as "The City of the Crosses", is the county seat of Doña Ana County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 74,267 as of the 2000 Census, and was estimated at 91,865 as of July 1, 2008, making it the second largest city in the state. Las Cruces is the economic and geographic center of the fertile Mesilla to El Paso, Texas El Paso stands on the Rio Grande , across the border from Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico. The image to the right shows Downtown El Paso and Juárez, with the Juárez Mountains in the background. The two cities form a combined international metropolitan area, sometimes called Juarez-El Paso, with Juárez being the significantly larger of the two. Below El Paso it serves as part of the border between the United States and Mexico. The official river border measurement ranges from 889 miles (1,431 km) to 1,248 miles (2,008 km), depending on how the river is measured.^[1] A major tributary, the Rio Conchos, enters at Ojinaga, Chihuahua, below El Paso, and supplies most of the water in the border segment. Other well-known tributaries include the Pecos The Pecos River arises near Pecos, New Mexico, United States, and flows for 926 miles through the eastern portion of that state and neighboring Texas before it empties into the Rio Grande near Del Rio. The river drains approximately 44,300 square miles (115,000 km2) of land and the smaller Devils The Devils River is a pristine, whitewater river in southwestern Texas, USA. From its headwaters in northwest Sutton County, it flows southwest for 94 miles (151 km) through Val Verde County and empties into the northeastern shore (29°28' N, 101°04' W) of the Amistad Reservoir in Del Rio, Texas on the Texas/Mexico border, which join the Rio Grande on the site of Amistad Dam. Despite its name and length, the Rio Grande is not navigable by ocean-going ships, nor do smaller passenger boats or cargo barges use it as a route. It is barely navigable at all, except by small boats in a few places.

The Rio Grande rises in high mountains and flows for much of its length at high elevation; El Paso is 3,762 feet (1,147 m) above sea level Mean sea level is a measure of the average height of the ocean's surface (such as the halfway point between the mean high tide and the mean low tide); used as a standard in reckoning land elevation. In New Mexico, the river flows through the Rio Grande Rift The Rio Grande Rift is a rift valley extending north from Mexico, near El Paso, Texas through New Mexico into central Colorado. The upper Rio Grande flows south following the rift valley, but did not incise it from one sediment Sediment is naturally-occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of fluids such as wind, water, or ice, and/or by the force of gravity acting on the particle itself-filled basin to another, cutting canyons A canyon or gorge is a deep ravine between cliffs often carved from the landscape by a river. Most canyons were formed by a process of long-time erosion from a plateau level. The cliffs form because harder rock strata that are resistant to erosion and weathering remain exposed on the valley walls. Canyons are much more common in arid areas than in between the basins and supporting a fragile bosque Bosque is the name for areas of gallery forest found along the flood plains of stream and river banks in the southwestern United States. It derives its name from the Spanish word for woodlands ecosystem in its floodplain A floodplain, or flood plain, is flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a stream or river that experiences occasional or periodic flooding. It includes the floodway, which consists of the stream channel and adjacent areas that carry flood flows, and the flood fringe, which are areas covered by the flood, but which do not experience a strong current. From El Paso eastward, the river flows through desert A desert is a landscape or region that receives an extremely low amount of precipitation, less than enough to support growth of most plants. Deserts are defined as areas with an average annual precipitation of less than 250 millimetres per year, or as areas where more water is lost by evapotranspiration than falls as precipitation. In the Köppen. Only in the sub-tropical The subtropics are the zones of the Earth immediately north and south of the tropic zone, which is bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, at latitude 23.5° north and south. The term "subtropical" describes the climatic region found adjacent to the tropics, usually between 20 and 35 degrees latitude in both lower Rio Grande Valley The Rio Grande Valley or the Lower Rio Grande Valley, informally called The Valley, is an area located in the southernmost tip of South Texas. It lies along the northern bank of the Rio Grande, which separates Mexico from the United States is there extensive irrigated agriculture. The river ends in a small sandy Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles delta A delta is a landform that is created at the mouth of a river where that river flows into an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, flat arid area, or another river. Deltas are formed from the deposition of the sediment carried by the river as the flow leaves the mouth of the river. Over long periods of time, this deposition builds the at the Gulf of Mexico The Gulf of Mexico is the eleventh largest body of water in the world. Considered a smaller part of the Atlantic Ocean, it is an ocean basin largely surrounded by the North American continent and the island of Cuba. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south by Mexico, and. During portions of 2001 and 2002 the mouth of the Rio Grande was blocked by a sandbar. In the fall of 2003 the sandbar was cleared by high river flows of about 7,063 cubic feet per second (200 m³/s).^[4]

Millions of years ago, the Rio Grande ended at the bottom of the Rio Grande Rift in Lake Cabeza de Vaca. About one million years ago In astronomy, geology, and paleontology, mya or "m.y.a." is an abbreviation for "million years ago". Like the related unit bya, mya is traditionally written in lower case. The deprecated abbreviation m.yr. is still used informally to refer to remote time intervals (mya), the stream was "captured" and began to flow east.

History

In the 1800s, the river was the border which the Republic of Texas The Republic of Texas was an independent state in North America, bordering the United States and Mexico, that existed from 1836 to 1846 used between it and Mexico, but Mexico considered the border to be the Nueces River The Nueces River is a river in the U.S. state of Texas, approximately 315 miles long. It drains a region in central and southern Texas southeastward into the Gulf of Mexico. It is the southernmost major river in Texas northeast of the Rio Grande. Nueces is Spanish for walnuts or pecans; early settlers named the river after the numerous pecan trees. The disagreement provided part of the rationale for the US invasion of Mexico in 1848, after Texas had been admitted as a new state. Since 1848, the Rio Grande has marked the boundary between Mexico and the United States from the twin cities of El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua Ciudad Juárez , also known as Juárez and formerly known as El Paso del Norte, is a city and seat of the municipality of Juárez in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. Juárez has an estimated population of 1.5 million people. The city lies on the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte), across from El Paso, Texas. El Paso and Ciudad Juárez comprise one, to the Gulf of Mexico. As such, crossing the river was the escape route used by some Texas slaves Slavery is a system in which people are the property of others. Slaves can be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand wages. In some societies it was legal for an owner to kill a slave; in others it was a crime to kill a slave to seek freedom. Mexico had liberal colonization policies and had abolished slavery in 1828.^[6]

In 1997 the US designated the Rio Grande as one of the American Heritage Rivers. Two portions of the Rio Grande are designated National Wild and Scenic Rivers System, one in northern New Mexico and one in Texas, at Big Bend National Park Big Bend National Park is a national park located in the U.S. state of Texas. For more than 1,000 miles , the Rio Grande / Río Bravo forms the international boundary between Mexico and the United States, and Big Bend National Park administers approximately 244 miles (393 km) along that boundary.

In the summer of 2001, a 328-foot (100 m) wide sandbar A shoal, sandbar , or gravebar is a somewhat linear landform within or extending into a body of water, typically composed of sand, silt or small pebbles. A spit or sandspit is a type of shoal. Shoals are characteristically long and narrow (linear) and develop where a stream or ocean current promotes deposition of granular material, resulting in formed at the mouth of the river, marking the first time in recorded history that the Rio Grande failed to empty into the Gulf of Mexico. The sandbar was subsequently dredged Dredging is an excavation activity or operation usually carried out at least partly underwater, in shallow seas or fresh water areas with the purpose of gathering up bottom sediments and disposing of them at a different location, but it re-formed almost immediately. Spring rains the following year flushed the re-formed sandbar out to sea, but it returned in the summer of 2002. As of the fall of 2003, the river once again reaches the Gulf.^[4]

River modifications

The United States and Mexico share the water of the river under a series of agreements administered by the joint US-Mexico Boundary and Water Commission. The most notable of these treaties were signed in 1906 and 1944.^[7][8]

Use of that water belonging to the United States is regulated by the Rio Grande Compact, an interstate pact between Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. The water of the Rio Grande is over-appropriated: that is, there are more users for the water than there is water in the river. Because of both drought and overuse, the section from El Paso downstream through Ojinaga was recently tagged "The Forgotten River" by those wishing to bring attention to the river's deteriorated condition.^[9]

There are a number of dams on the Rio Grande, including Cochiti Dam, Elephant Butte Dam, Caballo Dam, Amistad Dam, Falcon Dam, Anzalduas Dam, and Retamal Dam. In southern New Mexico and the upper portion of the Texas border segment, the river's discharge In hydrology, discharge is the volume rate of water flow, including any suspended solids , dissolved chemical species (i.e. CaCO3(aq)) and/or biologic material (i.e. diatoms), which is transported through a given cross-sectional area. Frequently, other terms synonymous with discharge are used to describe the volumetric flow rate of water and are dwindles. Diversions, mainly for agricultural irrigation, have increased the natural decrease in flow such that by the time the river reaches Presidio, Texas Presidio is a city in Presidio County, Texas, United States. It stands on the Rio Grande , on the other side of the U.S.-Mexico border from Ojinaga, Chihuahua. The population was 4,167 at the 2000 census, there is little or no water. Below Presidio the Rio Conchos restores the flow of water.^[1] Near Presidio the river's discharge is frequently zero. Its average discharge is 178 cubic feet per second (5 m³/s), down from 945 cubic feet per second (27 m³/s) at Elephant Butte Dam. Supplemented by other tributaries the Rio Grande's discharge increases to its maximum annual average of 3,504 cubic feet per second (99 m³/s) near Rio Grande City, Texas Rio Grande City is a city in and the county seat of Starr County, Texas, United States. The population was 11,923 at the 2000 census. The city is 32 miles west of McAllen. It is the hometown of former Commander of U.S. Forces in Iraq, General Ricardo Sanchez. The city also holds the March record high for the United States at 108 degrees Fahrenheit. Large diversions for irrigation below Rio Grande City reduce the river's average flow to 889 cubic feet per second (25 m³/s) at Brownsville and Matamoros.^[4]

Crossings

The major international border crossings along the river are at Ciudad Juárez and El Paso; Presidio, Texas Presidio is a city in Presidio County, Texas, United States. It stands on the Rio Grande , on the other side of the U.S.-Mexico border from Ojinaga, Chihuahua. The population was 4,167 at the 2000 census, and Ojinaga, Chihuahua; Laredo, Texas Laredo is the county seat of Webb County, Texas, United States, located on the north bank of the Rio Grande (Río Bravo) in South Texas, across from Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico. According to the 2007 census estimate, the city population was 233,152. Laredo is part of the Laredo-Nuevo Laredo Metropolitan Area with an estimate population of 718,, and Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas Nuevo Laredo is a city located in the Municipality of Nuevo Laredo in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. The city lies on the banks of the Río Grande, across from the United States city of Laredo, Texas. The 2005 census population of the city was 348,387 and that of the municipality of which it serves as municipal seat was 355,827. Nuevo Laredo is; McAllen-Hidalgo, Texas McAllen is the largest city in Hidalgo County, Texas, United States. It is located at the southern tip of Texas in an area known as the Rio Grande Valley and is part of the American Southwest. The population was 106,414 at the 2000 census, while the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 710,514; rapid, and Reynosa, Tamaulipas Reynosa is a city in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. It is located across the Rio Grande from McAllen in Hidalgo County in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the INEGI Census 2005, there was a population of 507,998 in the city and 526,888 in the municipality of Reynosa; and Brownsville, Texas Brownsville is a city in and the county seat of Cameron County, Texas, United States. Brownsville is the 15th largest city in the state of Texas and the 129th largest in the United States. The population was 139,722 at the 2000 census. Brownsville is also the southernmost city in Texas, and Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Other notable border towns are the Texas/Coahuila pairings of Del Rio–Ciudad Acuña and Eagle Pass–Piedras Negras.

Names and pronunciation

Río Grande is Spanish for "Big River" and Río Grande del Norte means "Great River of the North". In English, Rio Grande is pronounced either /ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrænd/ or /ˈriːoʊ ˈɡrɑːndeɪ/. Because "río" means "river" in Spanish, the phrase "Rio Grande River" is redundant.

In Mexico it is known as Río Bravo or Río Bravo del Norte, "bravo" meaning "fierce" or "brave". A city on its banks in Mexico bears its name (Río Bravo, Tamaulipas) and is located 10 miles (16 km) east of Reynosa, Tamaulipas, and directly across from the Texas city of Donna.

Historically, the Pueblo and Navajo peoples also had names for the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo:

• mets'ichi chena, Keresan, "Big River"
• posoge, Tewa, "Big River"
• paslápaane, Tiwa, "Big River"
• hañapakwa, Towa, "Great Waters"

The four Pueblo names likely predated the Spanish entrada by several centuries.^[10]

• tó ba-ade, Navajo, "Female River" (the direction south is female in Navajo cosmology) ^[10]

Rio del Norte was most commonly used for the upper Rio Grande (roughly, within the present-day borders of New Mexico) from Spanish colonial times to the end of the Mexican period in the mid-19th century. This use was first documented by the Spanish in 1582. Early American settlers in south Texas began to use the modern 'English' name Rio Grande. By the late 19th century, in the United States, the name Rio Grande had become standard in being applied to the entire river, from Colorado to the sea.^[10]

By 1602, Río Bravo had become the standard Spanish name for the lower river, below its confluence with the Rio Conchos.^[10]

Tributaries

The largest tributary of the Rio Grande by discharge is the Rio Conchos, which contributes over twice as much water as any other. In terms of drainage basin size the Pecos River is the largest.

See also

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Metz, Leon C.. "Rio Grande". The Handbook of Texas Online. http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/RR/rnr5.html. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
2. ^ ^{a b} U.S. Geological Survey Geographical Names Information System: Rio Grande
3. ^ ^{a b} "Rio Grande NASQAN Program". United States Geological Survey. http://water.usgs.gov/nasqan/docs/riogrndfact/riogrndfactsheet.html. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} "Water Bulletin Number 75: Flow of the Rio Grande and Related Data; From Elephant Butte Dam, New Mexico to the Gulf of Mexico". International Boundary and Water Commission. 2005. http://www.ibwc.gov/Water_Data/water_bulletins.html. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
5. ^ Benke, Arthur C.; Colbert E. Cushing (2005). Rivers of North America. Academic Press. pp. 186–192. ISBN 9780120882533. http://books.google.com/books?id=-bLMR552QBMC&pg=PA186.
6. ^ "The UGRR on the Rio Grande"
7. ^ IBWC: Treaties Between the U.S. and Mexico
8. ^ Thompson, Olivia N., "Binational Water Management: Perspectives of Local Texas Officials in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region" (2009). Applied Research Projects. Texas State University. Paper 313. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/313
9. ^ "Rio Grande Sucked Dry for Irrigation, Industry", CNN SATURDAY MORNING NEWS, (Aired June 9, 2001)]
10. ^ ^{a b c d} Source for historical names: Carroll L. Riley, 1995, Rio del Norte, University of Utah Press. ISBN 0874804965
11. ^ "Devils River Protection Campaign, Devils River Conservation Easements". The Nature Conservancy. http://www.nature.org/success/devilsriver.html. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
12. ^ Largest Rivers of the United States, USGS
13. ^ "The Rio Conchos: An Essential Ribbon of Life". Environmental Defense Fund. http://www.edf.org/article.cfm?contentID=2902. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
14. ^ ^{a b} "Water resources data for the United States, Water Year 2009; gage 08353000 Rio Puerco near Barnardo, NM". USGS. http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2009/pdfs/08353000.2009.pdf. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
15. ^ ^{a b} "Water resources data for the United States, Water Year 2009; gage 08329000, Jemez River below Jemez Canyon Dam, NM". USGS. http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2009/pdfs/08329000.2009.pdf. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
16. ^ ^{a b} "Water resources data for the United States, Water Year 2009; gage 08317200 Santa Fe River above Cochiti Lake, NM". USGS. http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2009/pdfs/08317200.2009.pdf. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
17. ^ ^{a b} "Water resources data for the United States, Water Year 2009; gage 08290000, Rio Chama near Chamita, NM". USGS. http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2009/pdfs/08290000.2009.pdf. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
18. ^ ^{a b} "Water resources data for the United States, Water Year 2009; gage 08249000, Conejos River near Lasauses, CO". USGS. http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2009/pdfs/08249000.2009.pdf. Retrieved 21 July 2010.

Sources

• Paul Horgan, Great River: The Rio Grande in North American History. Volume 1, Indians and Spain. Vol. 2, Mexico and the United States. 2 Vols. in 1, 1038 pages - Wesleyan University Press 1991, 4th Reprint, ISBN 0-8195-6251-3

External links

• Border Stories: the only hand pulled ferry on the Rio Grande (video)
• Rio Grande from the Handbook of Texas Online
• 1854 map of Rio Grande entrance (hosted by the Portal to Texas History).
• Rio Grande Cam - in Mission Texas. Mexico is on the left and the US is on the right.
• Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library

Categories: Rio Grande | Rio Grande basin | International rivers of North America | American Heritage Rivers | Geography of Laredo, Texas | Mexico – United States border | Borders of Texas | Borders of New Mexico

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• Rio Grande Valley: Encyclopedia
• Regional: North America: United States: Texas: Regions: Upper Rio Grande: Directory
• Regional: North America: United States: Texas: Regions: Middle Rio Grande: Directory
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• Regional: North America: United States: Texas: Regions: Upper Rio Grande: Education: Directory

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