Weaning is the process of gradually introducing a mammal Mammals are a class of vertebrate, air-breathing animals whose females are characterized by the possession of mammary glands while both males and females are characterized by hair and/or fur, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex region in the brain. Some mammals have sweat glands, but most do not infant The term infant derives from the Latin word infans, meaning "unable to speak or speechless." It is typically applied to children between the ages of 1 month and 12 months; however, definitions vary between birth and 3 years of age, either human or animal, to what will be its adult diet and withdrawing the supply of its mother's milk Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It provides the primary source of nutrition for young mammals before they are able to digest other types of food. The early lactation milk is known as colostrum, and carries the mother's antibodies to the baby. It can reduce the risk of many diseases in the baby. The exact.
The process takes place only in mammals, as only mammals produce milk. The infant is considered to be fully weaned once it no longer receives any breast milk (or bottled substitute).
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Weaning in human infants
Solid food is gradually introduced to a baby The term infant derives from the Latin word infans, meaning "unable to speak or speechless." It is typically applied to children between the ages of 1 month and 12 months; however, definitions vary between birth and 3 years of age's diet, alongside its previous diet of breast or formula milk, at around six months (though this varies slightly from child to child). Before this, a child's digestive system and kidneys are still developing and are not yet ready to deal with solid food.
Soft, runny food such as mashed fruit or vegetables are introduced to babies in the early stages of weaning, as they do not have teeth and are unable to chew. Certain foods are recommended to be avoided, such as those containing nuts or high levels of gluten Gluten is the composite of two proteins called gliadin and glutenin. These exist, conjoined with starch, in the endosperms of some grass-related grains, notably wheat, rye, and barley. Gliadin and glutenin comprise about 80% of the protein contained in wheat seed. Being insoluble in water, they can be purified by washing away the associated starch, salt Salt is a mineral that is composed primarily of sodium chloride. It is essential for animal life in small quantities, but is harmful to animals and plants in excess. Salt flavor is one of the basic tastes, making salt one of the oldest, most ubiquitous food seasonings. Salting is an important method of food preservation, or sugar Sugar is an informal term for a class of edible crystalline carbohydrates, mainly sucrose, lactose, and fructose characterized by a sweet flavor. In food, sugar almost exclusively refers to sucrose, which primarily comes from sugar cane and sugar beet. Other sugars are used in industrial food preparation, but are usually known by more specific. Foods harbouring bacteria The bacteria ( [bækˈtɪəriə] ; singular: bacterium)[α] are a large group of single-celled, prokaryote microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria are ubiquitous in every habitat on Earth, growing in soil, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, that a young digestive tract could not deal with, such as containing nuts, honey, eggs and shellfish, should also be avoided.[1]
Weaning conflict
Weaning conflict occurs when the mother wishes to stop nursing but the infant wishes to continue.[2] At this point, the mother tries to force the infant to cease nursing, while the infant attempts to coerce the mother to continue. From an evolutionary perspective, weaning conflict may be considered the result of the cost of continued nursing to the mother, perhaps in terms of reduced ability to raise future offspring, exceeding the benefits to the mother in terms of increased survival of the current infant.[2] This can come about because future offspring will be equally related to the mother as the current infant, but will share less than 100% of the current infant's genes A gene is a unit of heredity in a living organism. It is normally a stretch of DNA that codes for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. All living things depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains. Genes hold the information to build and maintain an organism's cells and pass genetic. So, from the perspective of the mother's evolutionary fitness, it makes sense for her to cease nursing the current infant as soon as the cost to future offspring exceeds the benefit to the current infant.[2] But, assuming the current infant shares 50% of the future offsprings' genes, from the perspective of the infant's own evolutionary fitness, it makes sense for the infant to continue nursing until the cost to future offspring exceeds twice the benefit to itself.[2][3] Weaning conflict has been studied for a variety of mammal species, including primates A primate is a member of the biological order Primates (/praɪˈmeɪtiːz/ prī·mā′·tēz; Latin: "prime, first rank"), the group that contains prosimians (including lemurs, lorises, galagos and tarsiers ) and simians (monkeys and apes). With the exception of humans, who inhabit every continent on Earth,[a] most primates live in and canines The dog is a domesticated form of the gray wolf, a member of the Canidae family of the order Carnivora. The term is used for both feral and pet varieties. The domestic dog has been one of the most widely kept working and companion animals in human history.[4][5][6]
See also
- Breastfeeding Breastfeeding is the feeding of an infant or young child with breast milk directly from female human breasts rather than from a baby bottle or other container. Babies have a sucking reflex that enables them to suck and swallow milk. Most mothers can breastfeed for six months or more, without the addition of infant formula or solid food
- Baby-led weaning
- Baby food Baby food is any food, other than breastmilk or infant formula, that is made specifically for infants, roughly between the ages of four months to two years. The food comes in multiple varieties and tastes, can be produced by many manufacturers, or may be table food that the rest of the family is eating, mashed up. Because infants lack teeth, many
- Lactation Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands, the process of providing that milk to the young, and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young. The process occurs in all female mammals, and in humans it is commonly referred to as breastfeeding or nursing. In most species milk comes out of the mother's nipples;
- Male lactation The phenomenon of male lactation in humans has become more common in recent years due to the use of medications that stimulate a man's mammary glands. The increasing presence of xenoestrogens may also play a role, interfering with the hormonal system of males. In ordinary circumstances, there is so little mammary tissue that it is unnoticeable; if
- Prolactin Prolactin or Luteotropic hormone (LTH) is a peptide hormone discovered by Dr. Henry Friesen, primarily associated with lactation. In breastfeeding, the act of an infant sucking the nipple stimulates the production of prolactin, which fills the breast with milk via a process called lactogenesis, in preparation for the next feed. Oxytocin, another
References
- ^ Solids: the first steps http://www.nhs.uk/Planners/birthtofive/Pages/Weaningfirststeps.aspx Retrieved 2010-06-28
- ^ a b c d Salmon, C. & Shackelford, T.K. (2008). Family Relationships: An Evolutionary Perspective. Oxford University Press. pp. 148–149. ISBN The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, now Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers W.H. Smith and others in 1966 9780195320510.
- ^ "Parent-offspring conflict". http://www-personal.umich.edu/~phyl/anthro/conflict.html. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
- ^ Trivers, R. Robert L. Trivers is an American evolutionary biologist and sociobiologist, most noted for proposing the theories of reciprocal altruism (1971), parental investment (1972), and parent-offspring conflict (1974). Other areas in which he has made influential contributions include an adaptive view of self-deception (first described in 1976) and (2002). Natural selection and social theory. Oxford University Press. pp. 124–126. ISBN The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, now Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers W.H. Smith and others in 1966 9780195130621.
- ^ "Gorilla". National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison. http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/gorilla/behav. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
- ^ Packard, J.M., Mech, L.D. & Ream, R.R.. "Weaning in an arctic wolf pack:behavior mechanisms". pp. 1269–1275. http://www.wolf.org/wolves/learn/wow/pdf/172weaningarcticwolf.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
Categories: Breastfeeding Categories: Breast | Children's rights | Women's rights | Human development | Infant feeding | Interpersonal relationships | Motherhood | Breast milk |
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